Why is the slope angle of solar panels important?

The preeminent slope angle of solar panels is an important determinant of falling solar radiation on the surface of photovoltaic panels. Characteristics of the position of latitude, the sun, and local geography must be explained and understood to determine the slope angle correctly.

How does a fixed tilt angle affect a photovoltaic panel?

The fixed tilt angle of photovoltaic panels affects directly on the amount of generated electricity by the panels; therefore, the angles must be identified correctly and accurately to increase the amount of incident solar radiation on the surface of PV panels.

Do PV panels have a tilt angle?

The radiation level reaching the panels depends on the latitude and longitude of the location where PV panels are located. While sun beams fall with the steep angle at noon, they fall with a narrow angle in the mornings and afternoon. Hence PV tilt angles varies depending on the location, and they differ monthly, seasonally and yearly .

How do you calculate the optimal tilt angle of a PV panel?

Calculation of the optimal tilt angle of a PV panel requires an understanding of the declination angle of the earth. Declination angle varies between the extremes of ± 23.45◦, and a simple sinusoidal relationship that assumes a 365-day year and which puts the spring equinox on day n = 81 provides a very good approximation.

What are the variables affecting the energy output of PV panels?

There are several variables disturbing the energy output of the PV panels 1, 2, 3. One of these variables is the tilt or slope angle of the PV arrays. The TA is defined as the slope angle of the PV panel to the horizontal plane. Many researchers were implemented in many countries to calculate the OTA.

What affects the performance of PV panels?

The performance of PV panels is highly affected by its orientation and tilting angle. The tilt angle and orientation can change the amount of solar radiation captured by the panel.